In Nazi Germany, science was politicized and co-opted to serve the regime’s racist, militaristic and nationalist objectives.
The Nazis used scientific concepts like eugenics and racial biology to promote their ideas of racial purity and superiority. Scientists who supported these views were highly valued under the regime. Racial scientists like Hans Günther and Otto Reche were instrumental in formulating the Nazi notion of racial hierarchy, which placed Aryans at the top and Jews, Romani people and others at the bottom.
The Nazis implemented a state-sponsored program of “racial hygiene,” which sought to control reproduction and eliminate individuals deemed “genetically inferior.” This led to forced sterilizations and the “T4” euthanasia program, in which people with disabilities were murdered in the name of improving the genetic quality of the population. These practices were inspired by pseudoscience, but they were given an air of legitimacy through the backing of some German scientists and physicians.
One of the most notable impacts of Nazi ideology on science was the regime’s rejection of certain scientific fields, particularly physics. The Nazis denounced modern physics, particularly the work of Albert Einstein, who was a Jewish physicist. The regime labeled his theories—especially the theory of relativity—as “Jewish science” and therefore “un-German.” Scientists who supported Einstein’s theories were often dismissed or ostracized.
Many Jewish scientists, scholars and intellectuals were either forced into exile or killed during the Holocaust. Scientists like Otto Hahn (a key figure in nuclear chemistry) and Max Born (a pioneer of quantum mechanics) were either exiled or had their careers destroyed. The Nazi regime effectively purged Germany of much of its scientific talent, particularly in the fields of physics and chemistry.
Scientists whose research contradicted Nazi ideology were often silenced or persecuted. For example, any research that did not support Nazi racial theories, including research on genetics that contradicted their ideas of racial superiority, was suppressed.
The Nazis heavily invested in science to support their military goals. German scientists were tasked with developing new weapons and technology for warfare. This led to significant advancements in rocketry, chemical weapons and other military technologies. For example, Wernher von Braun, who later became a key figure in the U.S. space program after the war, was involved in the development of the V-2 rocket during World War II.
During the Holocaust, Nazi doctors and scientists conducted horrific medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners. These experiments had no scientific merit and were carried out under the guise of advancing medical knowledge. Josef Mengele, known as the “Angel of Death,” conducted particularly gruesome experiments on twins and other prisoners at Auschwitz.
In addition to pseudoscientific racial theories, the Nazis were deeply influenced by occultist and mythological ideas, particularly in their pursuit of a “glorious Aryan past.” Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS, was especially interested in mystical ideas and sought to tie Nazi ideology to ancient Germanic paganism. The SS even conducted expeditions to find evidence of ancient Aryan civilizations.
Nazi ideology also incorporated esoteric and pseudoscientific ideas, blending them with their racist and nationalist views. The Nazis engaged in the search for artifacts that could “prove” the ancient Aryan supremacy, even though these ideas were based more on myth and imagination than on legitimate science.
Under Nazi rule, universities and academic institutions were reshaped to serve the regime’s propaganda goals. Professors were expected to align their research with Nazi ideology, and those who refused to conform were dismissed. Many of the great academic institutions in Germany, such as the University of Berlin, were restructured to emphasize Nazi ideology.
The Nazis promoted scientific research that would support their military and racial objectives, funneling resources into projects that would help the war effort or validate their views on racial superiority.
After World War II, many German scientists who had worked under the Nazi regime, including those involved in rocket development and weapons technology, were brought to the United States under Operation Paperclip. This controversial program allowed them to continue their work, especially in the emerging Cold War space race, despite their involvement in Nazi atrocities.
Many scientists who had contributed to the Nazi regime’s war effort or engaged in unethical human experimentation faced little accountability after the war. Some were tried at Nuremberg, but others escaped prosecution, and their work continued to influence scientific advancements in the postwar period.
The Nazis embraced pseudoscience and manipulated scientific research to justify their ideology of racial purity and to further their military ambitions. Simultaneously, they persecuted and suppressed scientific inquiry that did not fit within their worldview, resulting in the loss of truth and lives.
Today, Trumpism embraces pseudoscientific ideas, as well as the rejection or distortion of established scientific consensus.
One of the most prominent instances of pseudoscience in Trumpism has been the denial of human-driven climate change. Trump has repeatedly dismissed the scientific consensus that climate change is caused by human activities, including the burning of fossil fuels.
Trump has referred to climate change as a “hoax,” a term he used to describe the idea of global warming, despite overwhelming evidence from the scientific community supporting its existence and impact.
Under Trump’s leadership, the United States withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change, a key international accord aimed at limiting global warming.
Trump has rolled back numerous environmental regulations aimed at curbing carbon emissions, often citing the interests of business and economic growth over scientific evidence.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Trump was frequently associated with the promotion of pseudoscientific claims and misinformation, undermining expert guidance and public health measures.
Trump famously suggested that hydroxychloroquine, a drug initially touted as a potential COVID-19 treatment, could be an effective remedy despite a lack of scientific evidence to support this claim. Later studies and expert opinions revealed the drug’s inefficacy in treating COVID-19, but Trump continued to promote it.
Trump also downplayed the severity of the virus, often making statements that contradicted the advice of public health experts like Dr. Anthony Fauci and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). He suggested that the virus might “just go away” on its own, and he recommended unproven methods like injecting disinfectant into the body as potential cures.
Throughout the pandemic, Trump cast doubt on the efficacy of face masks and social distancing measures, which were backed by scientific experts, and he downplayed the need for vaccines despite their crucial role in controlling the pandemic.
Trump has made remarks in the past casting doubt on the safety of vaccines, particularly the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella), even though there is no scientific basis for such concerns. The addition of RFK, Jr. to Trump’s cabinet is a nod to his anti-vax/anti-science base.
Trump has suggested a link between vaccines and autism, a claim thoroughly debunked by the scientific community after a fraudulent study was retracted in 2004.
While Trump supported the development and rapid deployment of the COVID-19 vaccine (including through the Operation Warp Speed initiative), some of his supporters and allies continued to promote vaccine skepticism, fueling the broader anti-vaccine movement.
Trumpism has promoted conspiracy theories, many of which involve pseudoscientific ideas or distorted versions of reality.
The far-right QAnon conspiracy gained significant traction during Trump’s first term, promoting the belief that a “deep state” of elites was secretly controlling the world and that Trump was working to expose and defeat this cabal. The beliefs of QAnon have no basis in fact and have been widely debunked by experts, but Trump initially expressed support for some of its adherents and has failed to condemn it.
Following the 2020 election loss, Trump and many of his supporters pushed the false claim that the election was rigged or stolen, despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. This narrative was spread through various media channels, often citing unverified sources as “evidence” of voter fraud.
Some Trump supporters and figures in his orbit spread the idea that 5G technology was linked to the spread of COVID-19, an entirely baseless claim with no scientific support. This was part of a broader wave of misinformation about the pandemic.
Trumpism also includes a rejection of well-established social science research, particularly related to immigration and race. Trump has been accused of amplifying pseudoscientific arguments about race and genetics, often framing immigration in terms of “threats” from specific racial or ethnic groups. [Trump’s rhetoric on race ignores decades of research in sociology and social sciences showing that issues like poverty, crime and unemployment are deeply tied to structural inequalities and not biological factors.] This rejection of social science is part of a broader political agenda that seeks to undermine expertise in areas like education, criminal justice and economic inequality.
Trump has promoted certain alternative medicine remedies that lack scientific evidence. For example, he suggested that sunlight or the ingestion of disinfectants might be effective treatments for COVID-19. This reflects a broader tendency among Trump’s supporters to gravitate toward pseudoscientific approaches to health and wellness, often dismissing conventional medicine in favor of unverified or fringe theories.
Trump also supported and endorsed alternative health figures like Dr. Stella Immanuel, a Texas doctor who claimed that hydroxychloroquine could cure COVID-19 and also espoused bizarre ideas, such as the belief that gynecological problems were caused by people having sex with demons.
Trump’s relationship with the media has been characterized by a tendency to favor outlets and figures that promote pseudoscience and misinformation. For example, he frequently cited rightwing talk show personalities who espouse conspiracy theories and pseudoscientific claims.
The rise of social media platforms as a source of misinformation has been another key feature of the Trump era, with platforms like X (formerly Twitter), Truth Social and Facebook being used to amplify pseudoscientific claims and conspiracy theories, sometimes even being spread from Trump’s own accounts.
Both Nazis and Trumpism have used science to further political agendas, distorting or rejecting established scientific consensus to justify their ideologies. The Nazis embraced pseudoscientific racial theories to promote ideas of racial superiority and purity, while also suppressing dissenting scientific views, such as modern physics and genetics. Similarly, Trumpism has denied scientific evidence on climate change, promoted misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic and supported conspiracy theories that undermine public trust in expert knowledge. In both cases, scientific truth is manipulated or disregarded in favor of ideologies that fit political needs, leading to harmful consequences, and concerns are growing as Trumpism has taken a decidedly authoritarian turn.